AMPL cannot determine by itself the values from the linear programming tableau, because the sparse linear algebra routines capable of computing these values are found only in the solvers. Efficient solver implementations avoid computing or storing more than a few tableau columns at a time, however. Hence AMPL also has no solver directives that can cause tableau values to be returned.
For a specific AMPL model, it is possible to set up an auxiliary model that finds the tableau values, at least in the nondegenerate case; see our diet tableau example based on the diet model from Chapter 2 of the AMPL book. This approach is highly inefficient, but should be adequate for small linear programs — up to a few dozen variables, say.